Silent Epidemic: Understanding the Rising Burden of Oral Cancer in India

Posted on 9th Sep 2024, by Admin

Oral cancer is a significant public health concern, particularly in India, where it ranks among the top three types of cancers. Despite its prevalence, awareness remains alarmingly low, leading to late diagnosis and poor outcomes. In this blog, we explore causes, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment options for oral cancer, with a focus on India.

According to recent statistics, India accounts for nearly one-third of the world's oral cancer cases. The high incidence rate is primarily driven by lifestyle factors prevalent in the country, making oral cancer a silent but deadly epidemic.

Causes and Risk Factors

The primary causes of oral cancer in India can be traced to the widespread use of tobacco, betel quid (commonly known as 'paan'), and alcohol. These substances contain carcinogenic compounds that directly affect the oral mucosa, leading to mutations and cancerous growths. Additionally, the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), poor oral hygiene, and prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays also contribute to the risk.

• Tobacco Use: Both smoking and smokeless forms of tobacco are major culprits. Chewing tobacco, a common practice in many parts of India, is particularly harmful as it allows carcinogens to have prolonged contact with the mucous membranes.
• Betel Quid and Areca Nut: The habitual chewing of betel quid and areca nut, often mixed with tobacco, is deeply ingrained in Indian culture. These substances are potent carcinogens and significantly increase the risk of developing oral cancer.
• Alcohol Consumption: Excessive alcohol intake exacerbates the effects of tobacco and betel quid, further increasing the likelihood of cancerous changes in the oral cavity.
• HPV Infection: The Human Papillomavirus, particularly the HPV-16 strain, has been increasingly recognized as a risk factor for oral cancer, especially cancers of the oropharynx.
• Poor Oral Hygiene: Neglecting oral health can lead to chronic irritation and infections, creating an environment conducive to cancer development.

Symptoms and Early Detection

Oral cancer often presents with non-specific symptoms, which can delay diagnosis. Key symptoms include:

• Persistent sores or ulcers in the mouth that do not heal.
• Lumps or thickening in the cheek or neck.
• Difficulty swallowing or chewing.
• Unexplained bleeding in the mouth.
• Persistent ear pain or sore throa.

Early detection is crucial for successful treatment. Regular dental check-ups and self-examinations can help in spotting early signs. In high-risk populations, particularly tobacco and betel quid users, screening programs are vital.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of oral cancer involves a thorough examination of the mouth, throat, and neck, followed by a biopsy of any suspicious lesions. Imaging tests such as X-rays, PET-CT scans, and MRIs may also be employed to determine the extent of the disease.

Treatment Options

The treatment of oral cancer depends on the stage of the disease and its location. Common treatment options include:

• Surgery: Surgical removal of the tumor is often the first line of treatment. In advanced cases, reconstructive surgery may be necessary to restore function and appearance.
• Radiation Therapy: High-energy radiation is used to destroy cancer cells. It may be used alone or in combination with surgery and chemotherapy.
• Chemotherapy: This involves the use of drugs to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors before surgery. It is often combined with radiation therapy for more effective results.
• Targeted Therapy: This newer approach targets specific molecules involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells, offering a more personalized treatment option with fewer side effects.
• Immunotherapy: A cutting-edge treatment that enhances the body's immune system to fight cancer, showing promising results in some cases.

Prevention and Awareness

Prevention is the best strategy against oral cancer. Public health initiatives should focus on reducing tobacco and alcohol use, promoting good oral hygiene, and encouraging regular dental check-ups. Vaccination against HPV and educational campaigns about the risks associated with betel quid and areca nut use are also essential.In India, where oral cancer is a major health burden, awareness campaigns are critical. By educating the population about the risks and encouraging early detection, we can reduce the incidence and improve the outcomes of this deadly disease.